Multi-Layered Security Architecture

Our security foundation combines physical isolation, logical segmentation, and advanced network controls to create an impenetrable “sanitized sandbox” environment that showcases modern network security principles.

Network Architecture

Network Architecture & VLAN 666 Isolation

InternetFirewallVLAN 666: Cyber LabSwitchPi 1Pi 2Pi 3Pi NFaculty VLAN10.0.1.0/24Admin VLAN10.0.2.0/24Complete Network Isolation

VLAN 666 Configuration

Network Range: 192.168.66.0/24
Gateway: 192.168.66.1
DHCP Range: 192.168.66.100-200
Student Workstations: 20 Isolated Ports

Security Controls

• Private VLAN isolation prevents inter-student communication
• MAC address binding for device authentication
• 802.1X port-based network access control
• DHCP snooping and ARP inspection enabled

Monitoring & Analytics

• Real-time network traffic analysis with NetFlow
• SIEM integration for security event correlation
• Automated threat detection and alerting
• Bandwidth utilization and performance metrics

VLAN 666 Configuration

Network Range:192.168.66.0/24
Gateway:192.168.66.1
DHCP Range:192.168.66.100-200
Student Workstations:20 Isolated Ports

Security Controls

Private VLAN isolation prevents inter-student communication
MAC address binding for device authentication
802.1X port-based network access control
DHCP snooping and ARP inspection enabled

Monitoring & Analytics

Real-time network traffic analysis with NetFlow
SIEM integration for security event correlation
Automated threat detection and alerting
Bandwidth utilization and performance metrics

Cost-Effective Infrastructure

Hardware
• Managed L3 Switch
• 20x Raspberry Pi 4B (8GB)
• 10x Desktop PCs
• 2x Refurbished Servers
• Open Source Firewall
Open Source Software
• Kali Linux + Pi OS
• pfSense Firewall
• ELK Stack + Grafana
• Windows 11 (only proprietary)

Defense-in-Depth Security Layers

Layer 1

Physical Isolation

Dedicated Cisco/HP switch with single uplink port, housed in lab premises

  • 24-port managed switch dedicated exclusively to lab
  • Single CAT6 uplink to distribution layer switch
  • Physical port security prevents unauthorized connections
  • Switch located within lab for direct supervision
Layer 2

VLAN Segmentation (802.1Q)

VLAN 666 creates complete broadcast domain isolation

  • 802.1Q VLAN tagging on distribution switch port
  • Separate broadcast domain prevents ARP/discovery
  • No inter-VLAN routing without firewall approval
  • Private VLAN (PVLAN) for internal workstation isolation
Layer 3

Stateful Firewall Control

Fortinet/SonicWall with Default Deny policy implementation

  • All traffic forced through single gateway chokepoint
  • Stateful packet inspection with session tracking
  • Application-layer filtering (Layer 7 inspection)
  • Real-time logging and traffic analysis capabilities
Layer 4

Network Access Control (NAC)

802.1X authentication and endpoint security

  • Student device authentication before network access
  • MAC address filtering and device registration
  • Endpoint compliance checking (antivirus, patches)
  • Automatic quarantine for non-compliant devices
Layer 5

Application Layer Security

Deep packet inspection and application-aware filtering

  • Layer 7 application identification and control
  • SSL/TLS inspection and certificate validation
  • Web application firewall (WAF) protection
  • Content filtering and malware detection
Layer 6

Endpoint Detection & Response

Advanced threat detection on individual workstations

  • Real-time behavior analysis and anomaly detection
  • Automated incident response and containment
  • File integrity monitoring (FIM)
  • Host-based intrusion detection system (HIDS)
Layer 7

Security Information & Event Management

Centralized logging, correlation, and threat intelligence

  • Real-time log aggregation from all security layers
  • Advanced correlation engine for threat detection
  • Security orchestration and automated response
  • Compliance reporting and audit trail generation
Layer 8

Governance, Risk & Compliance

Policy enforcement, risk assessment, and regulatory compliance

  • Automated policy compliance monitoring
  • Risk assessment and vulnerability management
  • Regulatory compliance reporting (ISO 27001, NIST)
  • Continuous security posture assessment

Detailed Technical Implementation

Comprehensive hardware specifications, software stack, and security protocols designed for optimal educational outcomes

Hardware Requirements

Lab Switch:

Cisco Catalyst 2960-X or HP ProCurve 2530-24G

24 Fast Ethernet ports + 4 SFP+ uplinks

VLAN support, 802.1X authentication

Student Workstations:

20 x Raspberry Pi 4B (8GB RAM) with USB3 SSDs

Dual-boot: Raspberry Pi OS + Kali Linux ARM

Docker containers for isolated environments

Server Infrastructure:

2 x Raspberry Pi Cluster (Server nodes)

Kubernetes for container orchestration

Open-source vulnerable apps (DVWA, WebGoat)

Network Configuration

VLAN Configuration:

VLAN 666: 192.168.66.0/24 (Cyber Lab)

Gateway: 192.168.66.1 (Firewall interface)

DHCP: 192.168.66.100-200 (Student devices)

Private VLAN Setup:

Primary VLAN: 666 (Cyber Lab)

Isolated VLAN: 667 (Student ports)

Promiscuous port: Uplink to firewall

DNS Configuration:

Primary: College DNS (10.0.1.10)

Secondary: Cloudflare (1.1.1.1)

Local DNS for lab services

Security Protocols & Standards

Authentication:
  • • 802.1X with RADIUS authentication
  • • Active Directory integration for user management
  • • Multi-factor authentication for admin access
  • • Guest network isolation for visitors
Monitoring & Logging:
  • • Syslog server for centralized logging
  • • SNMP monitoring of all network devices
  • • Netflow analysis for traffic patterns
  • • Security Information Event Management (SIEM)

Compliance & Industry Standards

Network Standards:
  • IEEE 802.1Q (VLAN tagging)
  • IEEE 802.1X (Port authentication)
  • IEEE 802.3 (Ethernet standards)
  • RFC 3069 (VLAN aggregation)
Security Frameworks:
  • NIST Cybersecurity Framework
  • ISO 27001 security controls
  • SANS Critical Security Controls
  • OWASP security guidelines
Educational Standards:
  • NICE Cybersecurity Framework
  • CAE-CD curriculum guidelines
  • CompTIA Security+ alignment
  • CEH practical requirements

100% Isolation

Physical and logical separation ensures zero production network risk

Implementation: Dedicated switch, VLAN 666, Private VLAN isolation

Enterprise VLAN

Demonstrates advanced network segmentation capabilities

Technology: 802.1Q tagging, PVLAN, Inter-VLAN routing control

Stateful Firewall

Single gateway with comprehensive traffic monitoring

Features: Deep packet inspection, application filtering, real-time logging

Access Control

802.1X authentication and endpoint compliance

Security: RADIUS auth, MAC filtering, device compliance checks

Strategic Infrastructure Benefits

This cybersecurity lab delivers transformative value across technology demonstration, risk mitigation, and institutional excellence

Technology Showcase

Demonstrates the college's modern network infrastructure capabilities and security best practices

Proof of concept for campus-wide VLAN deployment
Best practice reference for other departments
Technical excellence demonstration for network infrastructure
Industry partnership opportunities showcase

Zero Risk Implementation

Proves that advanced cybersecurity education can coexist safely with production systems

No impact on existing college network operations
Complete traffic isolation and monitoring
Fail-safe design with multiple security layers
Emergency disconnect procedures available

Implementation Timeline & Technical Specifications

A carefully orchestrated 12-week deployment combining infrastructure setup, security implementation, and comprehensive testing

Note: This timeline commences after MITS system administrators have implemented the dedicated VLAN infrastructure and network isolation. The 12-week schedule assumes core networking prerequisites are already in place.

Phase-wise Implementation (12 weeks)

1
Weeks 1-2: Lab Infrastructure Setup

Physical switch installation, lab firewall configuration, initial security policies (VLAN already provisioned by IT)

2
Weeks 3-6: Hardware Deployment

Workstation setup, server installation, software licensing

3
Weeks 7-10: Security Testing

Penetration testing, vulnerability assessment, compliance audit

4
Weeks 11-12: Go-Live

Faculty training, student orientation, operational handover

Core Technical Components

Network Infrastructure

• Managed Layer 3 switch with VLAN support

• Enterprise firewall with DPI capabilities

• Structured cabling and patch management

• Network monitoring and SNMP integration

Student Workstations

• High-performance desktops for security tools

• Dual-boot Linux/Windows environments

• Virtualization-capable hardware specs

• Dedicated network isolation per workstation

Server Infrastructure

• Hypervisor hosts for lab environments

• Centralized storage with backup systems

• Authentication and directory services

• Container orchestration platform

Security & Monitoring

• SIEM platform for threat detection

• Network traffic analysis tools

• Vulnerability scanners and assessment tools

• Incident response and forensics capabilities

Controlled Internet Gateway

A single, defensible chokepoint governs all network traffic. Every connection is subject to strict "Default Deny" policies, ensuring complete control and visibility over lab communications.

Ingress (Inbound) Policy

BLOCK ALL UNSOLICITED CONNECTIONS

  • • No external scanning or reconnaissance possible
  • • Prevents lab from being used as attack staging ground
  • • Stateful firewall allows return traffic for legitimate sessions
  • • Aligns with NIST recommendations for perimeter security

Egress (Outbound) Policy

ALLOW ONLY APPROVED DESTINATIONS

  • • Principle of least privilege enforcement
  • • Granular, auditable allow-list approach
  • • Educational platforms and tools only
  • • All other traffic blocked and logged

Detailed Egress Rule Set (VLAN 666)

RuleDescriptionSource/DestinationProtocolRisk/MonitoringAction
1
Allow DNS lookups to trusted resolvers for domain name resolution
Essential for basic internet functionality and domain resolution - DoH/DoT capabilities included
Supports both traditional DNS and DNS-over-HTTPS for secure resolution
From: VLAN_Cyber_Lab (192.168.66.0/24)
To: College_DNS_Servers (10.0.1.10-12), Google_DNS (8.8.8.8, 8.8.4.4), Cloudflare_DNS (1.1.1.1)
UDP/53, TCP/53
Low Risk
Query logging enabled, suspicious domain alerts configured
Allow
2
Allow access to TryHackMe educational platform with full CDN support
Primary educational platform - includes VM access, progress tracking, and interactive content
WebSocket support for real-time lab interactions, AWS CDN whitelisting for content delivery
From: VLAN_Cyber_Lab (192.168.66.0/24)
To: *.tryhackme.com, tryhackme-images.s3.amazonaws.com, tryhackme-labs.s3.amazonaws.com
TCP/443, WebSocket/443
Low Risk
Connection time tracking, educational progress monitoring
Allow
3
Allow access to Hack The Box platform with VPN tunnel support
Professional penetration testing training environment with isolated lab access
OpenVPN tunnel for lab machine access, separate routing for HTB lab network
From: VLAN_Cyber_Lab (192.168.66.0/24)
To: *.hackthebox.com, *.hackthebox.eu, hackthebox-vpn-servers (10.10.0.0/16)
TCP/443, OpenVPN/1194, TCP/80
Medium Risk
VPN connection logs, lab activity tracking, time-based access controls
Allow
4
Allow comprehensive GitHub ecosystem access for development and tool acquisition
Essential for open-source security tools, course materials, and version control operations
Full Git protocol support, container registry access, API endpoints for automation
From: VLAN_Cyber_Lab (192.168.66.0/24)
To: github.com, *.githubusercontent.com, api.github.com, codeload.github.com, ghcr.io
TCP/443, TCP/22 (SSH), TCP/9418 (Git)
Low Risk
Repository access logging, large file download alerts, authentication tracking
Allow
5
Allow comprehensive Linux distribution repositories and security tool sources
Operating system updates, security patches, and specialized cybersecurity tool installation
Repository signature verification, package integrity checking, automatic security updates
From: VLAN_Cyber_Lab (192.168.66.0/24)
To: archive.ubuntu.com, security.ubuntu.com, http.kali.org, kali.download, parrotsec.org
TCP/80, TCP/443
Low Risk
Package installation logs, security update tracking, bandwidth monitoring
Allow
6
Allow Python ecosystem access for security scripting and automation
Python libraries for security automation, data analysis, and custom tool development
Package signature verification, dependency resolution, virtual environment support
From: VLAN_Cyber_Lab (192.168.66.0/24)
To: pypi.org, files.pythonhosted.org, pypi.python.org, pythonhosted.org
TCP/443
Low Risk
Package installation tracking, security library usage analysis
Allow
7
Allow access to specialized cybersecurity training platforms and resources
Supplementary educational content, certification preparation, and industry training materials
Video streaming optimization, progress tracking, certificate verification
From: VLAN_Cyber_Lab (192.168.66.0/24)
To: cybrary.it, pluralsight.com, coursera.org, udemy.com, sans.org
TCP/443
Low Risk
Learning progress tracking, content access logging
Allow
8
Allow access to vulnerability databases and security intelligence feeds
Current vulnerability research, CVE database access, and security intelligence gathering
API access for automated vulnerability scanning, threat intelligence integration
From: VLAN_Cyber_Lab (192.168.66.0/24)
To: nvd.nist.gov, cve.mitre.org, exploit-db.com, vuldb.com
TCP/443
Low Risk
Research activity logging, database query tracking
Allow
9
Allow Docker and container ecosystem access for lab environment management
Container-based lab environments, tool deployment, and isolated testing scenarios
Container registry access, image verification, multi-architecture support
From: VLAN_Cyber_Lab (192.168.66.0/24)
To: registry-1.docker.io, auth.docker.io, production.cloudflare.docker.com, quay.io
TCP/443
Medium Risk
Container deployment tracking, image pull logging, resource usage monitoring
Allow
10
Allow time synchronization for accurate logging and certificate validation
Accurate timestamps for security logging, certificate validation, and forensic analysis
Multiple NTP sources for redundancy, chrony/ntpd compatibility
From: VLAN_Cyber_Lab (192.168.66.0/24)
To: pool.ntp.org, time.nist.gov, time.google.com
UDP/123 (NTP)
Low Risk
Time drift monitoring, synchronization status tracking
Allow
11
Allow access to certificate authorities for SSL/TLS validation
Certificate revocation checking, OCSP validation, and PKI infrastructure access
OCSP stapling support, CRL distribution points, certificate transparency logs
From: VLAN_Cyber_Lab (192.168.66.0/24)
To: ocsp.digicert.com, crl.digicert.com, ocsp.sectigo.com, letsencrypt.org
TCP/80, TCP/443
Low Risk
Certificate validation logging, revocation check tracking
Allow
12
EMERGENCY OVERRIDE: Faculty supervisor can temporarily allow specific destinations
Educational flexibility for special projects or emerging training requirements
Time-limited rules (max 7 days), automatic expiration, supervisor authentication required
From: VLAN_Cyber_Lab (192.168.66.0/24)
To: SUPERVISOR_SPECIFIED_ONLY
AS_REQUIRED
Variable Risk
Enhanced logging during override period, supervisor approval tracking
Allow (Temporary)
13
DEFAULT DENY: Block all other outbound traffic with comprehensive logging
Zero-trust security posture - every denied connection provides security intelligence
Deep packet inspection, behavioral analysis, anomaly detection, real-time alerting
From: VLAN_Cyber_Lab (192.168.66.0/24)
To: Any
Any
N/A Risk
Full packet capture for denied connections, threat intelligence correlation, automated incident response
Deny (Log + Alert)

Advanced Security Monitoring & Implementation

Our comprehensive monitoring framework provides real-time visibility, threat detection, and automated response capabilities.

Deep Packet Inspection

Real-time traffic analysis with behavioral pattern recognition and anomaly detection

Threat Intelligence Integration

Automatic correlation with global threat feeds and malware signature databases

Automated Incident Response

Immediate blocking and alerting for suspicious activities with forensic data collection

Firewall Technology Stack
Primary Firewall:pfSense/OPNsense (FreeBSD-based)
WAF Integration:ModSecurity with OWASP CRS
IDS/IPS Engine:Suricata with ET Open rules
Logging System:ELK Stack (Elasticsearch/Logstash/Kibana)
Threat Intel:MISP integration with ThreatFox feeds
Security Capabilities
SSL/TLS certificate validation and pinning
DNS over HTTPS (DoH) and DNS over TLS (DoT)
Application-layer gateway for complex protocols
Geolocation-based blocking and whitelisting
Advanced persistent threat (APT) detection

Compliance Standards

NIST Cybersecurity Framework

Full alignment with Identify, Protect, Detect, Respond, Recover functions

ISO 27001/27002

Information security management system controls implementation

OWASP Security Guidelines

Web application security and secure coding practices

Operational Procedures

Daily Operations

Automated rule updates, log analysis, and health monitoring

Weekly Reviews

Traffic pattern analysis, rule effectiveness assessment, security updates

Monthly Audits

Comprehensive security posture review, compliance verification

Incident Response Procedures

1
Immediate Isolation

Automatic network segmentation and traffic blocking within 30 seconds of threat detection

2
Forensic Collection

Automatic preservation of network traffic, system logs, and volatile memory for analysis

3
Stakeholder Notification

Immediate alerts to lab supervisor, IT department, and academic leadership

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